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water is the ultimate life support system water is the essence of life is so basic but it's a flood of contradictions bulletproof glass stop a 50 caliber shell you have weekend parotta with the water Jay and gallons of water water HowStuffWorks silvery intangible just plain wet where is all around us remains a mystery well water makes up around 55% of our bodies is solid ice float on liquid water grow water from a seed it's all part of how water works water is strange who takes an unbelievable amount of water to grow a single apple and almost 50 times more for a pound of beef there's six times more water in the sky over our heads then in the rivers under our feet we all think we know what her but our understanding is the muddy at best replacing its license engine Springs foot for every plant or animal on the planet of water remains this keeping us alive steel fender Austin motorcycle and a ballistic grade material design for bullet proof blast proof armor there among the strongest engineering materials around but today we'll both be cut down to size by one of the world's most powerful forces forget about bubble baths is designer bottled water this is the Seattle research lab of flow International the world leader in ultra high pressure for uhp waterjet cutting so why is water A Cut Above a welding torch for Diamond Edge saw blade it all begins simply enough hydraulic pump takes in regular tap water for what are increase pressure through a small aperture people's increase velocity as we all remember from school for sequels mass times acceleration increase velocity means. Slice ability that you can think of very small fraction of Niagara Falls ladies in a very small beam and that would be able to cut with hard material just like laser with Focus the light the water is forced through this tiny opening which is so it won't be cut to shreds by the water Jack just like constricting a garden hose with your thumb concentrates a stream of water out of the nozzle concentrating a volume of water through a tiny opening produces this at the business end of the Jack the water is traveling faster than any jet plane at Mach 4 4 times the speed of sound and a pressure of 87000 pounds per square inch so that point it's the most powerful water jets on Earth how does water the same soothing liquid we drink and bathe in the rotation the removal of solid material Porsche moving wind or water what are start sirody material in the second that it hits Earth processes began with raindrops impacting the land surface and is a raindrop hits the ground it exerts catch them and move them and also occurs in a river like the one that were floating on here in Chicago at box stream it carries along with it all the little tiny particles of sediment along the way the size and the bottom just with the force of its movement moving sediment is everywhere Grand Canyon Colorado River summer mile deep the result of tens of millions of years of erosion back at the shop high pressure water alone can slice materials as hard as glass text Eddie can cut through pretty much anything by adding abrasive to the water near increasing strength without water over a hundred times celebration high speed water jet you too incredibly hard ballistic ceramic and glass used in the most advanced blast resistant armor water and how erosion Works bulletproof glass. A 50 caliber Shell at 200 feet but yeah if we can a rotor with a waterjet just like we would have standard piece of clay class of your house windows the water will also drill right through this field guide under the material in fact the only way to stop what is with more water a 4-foot deep drop of water helps absorb the 2400 miles per hour check before it pours a hole in the floor what's the upside to using water as a cutting tool just about everything what are skin expensive and reusable it makes a very precise cut and since it does its job without fear friction The Cutting Edge doesn't distort the material and it never gets dull water is anything but dull what are some physical properties top hit fluid make it the backbone of everything from Tiny shells to the world weather systems single-molecule play covers 70% of the planet it's a liquid the cars out the planet surface electrically lopsided chemical that makes all life possible Cuts Like a Knife what makes it so top as in much of Life key to success he's sticking together what her schedule is electrochemical makeup water is something called a dipole-dipole simply means that it's a material that has one kind of charge on one end and another kind of charger so it's got a slight mean just parked over near the big fan of oxygen atoms in combination with other water molecules hydrogen Parts get attracted to the oxygen part of its nearest neighbor and so the molecules kind of squeeze together this attraction known as the hydrogen bond is at the core of waters amazing it makes water tough enough to provide a stiff with fluid structure of plants and animals she was molecular structure also allows for a truly miraculous transformation as water freezes into a solid hydrogen bonds form a crystal lattice that has a lot of empty space in it unlike nearly every other substance known to man becomes less dense as a solid in a liquid turning traditional physics on its head the results ice floats on water because of this when we freeze a body of water that freezes from the bottom up are Chinese oceans rivers would freeze from the bottom up. Eventually be solid ice reduce of 2 the hydrogen bond in Naples Life as we know it but because of his it takes considerable heat depending on volume weather supplied by a stove for the sun itself to raise Waters temperature even one degree this ability to absorb heat is known as heat capacity actually has the highest heat capacity of all of our common substances on the surface of the Earth with ammonia and cooling are internal combustion engines are power plants and the human body evaporation of perspiration temperature regulated and similarly one of the reasons that are change of seasons is gradually rather than abrupt is that water absorbs heat and releases it so so the water on the planet Emperor's the change of seasons deep blue oceans up solar energy much like the roof of a dark-colored car on a sunny day water currents are currents and precipitation the Sun causes water to evaporate from dewdrops streams ponds oceans and lakes vaporize water rises cools it eventually condenses into rain droplets were snowflakes it all comes back down to earth and one way or another whether it percolating to the groundwater only works its way back to the ocean so what happens in the cycle is as it's repeated all water on Earth has been recycled millions and millions of times you probably figured out that water equals life to begin with it is the perfect medium in which life can form reform but why what properties of water make it the fluid of Life of materials will dissolve in water and because water enables other things to dissolve in it and inform chemicals divide and conquer approach to breaking down of the chemicals in case of table salt or sodium chloride what is negatively charged oxygen atoms what a positive hydrogen atoms surround the negative chlorine ions by splitting the two elements apart what are literally breaks down the structure of the salt because water at the conditions of the surface of the Earth you can move all different kinds of directions at school degrees so things can move around Nations and hook up in New Orleans the show started the chemicals constantly slashing around each other and combining the new chemistry over millions of years to living organisms what is life-giving function check in with a plant kingdom and important function of water is structural the plant cell is like a water balloon it maintains its shape because of the pressure of water inside the cell pushing out on the rigid cellulosic wall also has an almost magical ability as a chemical reactants encourages chemical reactions to change the chemical transformation water makes possible so plants make their own food using why it's called photos when they do photosynthesis use the hydrogen with the carbon dioxide in the air Ross animals the chemical reaction also produces oxygen as a waste product put in water have another dramatic impact hemisphere using a remarkable system plants transport water from their roots to their leaves where photosynthesis takes place the elastic quality of a liquid surface that makes it hard to break is able to travel up the vascular system of even the tallest trees 1 second top hit evaporates back into the air through the leaves or needles a single Redwood releases up to 500 gallons of a precious liquid so how does he get up there a solar powered hydraulic pump water molecules they attract each other and for each water molecule that leaves the liquid column in the lease you will move up and the net result is that by evaporating off the surface of the leaf we have a whole stream of water moving continually from the soil into the root and eventually out in the leaf dish silent invisible molecule by molecule movement of water upwards through a plant represent the single biggest use of water by human beings as a commodity compares to irrigation especially in the West United States if you look in water you send for instance the state of California or Utah or Arizona the vast majority of water which is used for human purposes is used in irrigation in the state of California maybe 80% of our water use maybe even more is utilized for irrigation for growing crops other words for the vast majority of our water becomes food but it doesn't come easily to grow even a single Apple requires 25 gallons of water about 1,200 gallons of water in the United States because we have relatively High meat content in our diet everyday we use about 1,600 gallons of water for every human just to produce the food that we eat California which grows the majority of the nation's fresh produce is blessed with fertile soil season but they go and its neighbors from Nevada to Colorado or more accurately the water tends to follow up here the rest of the options the western states solution to the distribution of water is being too  the Region's precious few Rivers including Colorado and thousands of miles of rain a year at the the scale of water management worldwide are over history you can look at ancient Rome in the aqueduct but these things pale compared to the water projects in Western North America the crown jewel in the system is Hoover Dam over seven years ago it did the unthinkable taming a wild Colorado River the largest man-made Reservoir in America has Canyon go back upstream and downstream it has to withstand a water pressure of about 45 thousand pounds per square foot because behind it is Lake Mead which stretches for about a hundred and ten miles and hold something like 28 million acre-feet of water when at capacity so you can this is not only a huge engineering feet in terms of its size but the stress is that it is designed to Bear are quite incredible the dam was built primarily to bring water from the Colorado River to the dry farms in cities of California Nevada and Arizona today's water from the Colorado River supplies at least 25% Nations fresh produce putting on a timing gear maybe a plus 50% that is a huge portion of our food supply this country as a result of the Colorado Colorado River that is now controlled by Hoover Dam desert as long as you're willing to move it the Colorado River shimmers in the Summer sun is a jewel with many facets because the rivers waters are unpredictable essentially on a daily basis just around the corner what are concerned from France to deadly foe fluid flow in current becomes chaotic Rapids a daily basis nessus in a small wagon turn into a kid flower designs what physical forces cause water to suddenly kick it into high gear if the grating is going down quickly you can have some very very Swiftwater so I can barely constriction different words for create title Channel where can I cash a check the steeper the gradient the change in velocity the Colorado River makes one of the steepest drops of any major river in the United States two other factors instruction and instruction turn the Colorado River into a roller coaster ride it's very incompressible so water its size doesn't get like many other materials have a fancy term for this is called bulk modulus which is a function of how incompressible something is really hard it might slip around a lot but if you can present very much needed hard metals can be compressed so one that water H2O dipole Bond causes water to move with greater force through whatever is trying to contain it like an arrow Canyon boulders river deck for a power plant I joined the size of Hoover Dam is a triple threat 15 squats distribute Nationwide Insurance forms water heater power because it's all downhill motion the sheer height of the Dan creates a huge difference in Illinois between upstream and downstream size as the water enters the intake Towers potential energy stored in a reservoir is proportional to the mass of the water Reservoir the protection order you can make it fall the more energy you can prove so that potential energy than is converted to kinetic energy is that NASA water flows downhill ice water is incompressible but what happens to a smaller area that has to move faster by the time the renters one of the 17 turbine generators miles per hour the speed and pressure of the water are powerful enough to rotate these 114 x shafts 108 times per minute each Chef Spencer which is built of large electromagnets and surrounded by a coil of copper wire the magnetic field between the magnets in the coil generates a massive electric current in a split-second what is transformed into power one current becomes another hydroelectric power provides about 24% of the world's electricity but harnessing the power of water as its downside hands permanently flood vast ecosystems Downstream also when you store the water in the reservoir and changes the temperature of the water so when it's released Downstream it may not be appropriate for some of the native plants and animals which lived in the water previous to the building of the dam or no liquid water resumes its Unstoppable course to the Sea the most beasts steam is perhaps its most muscular for a lot of energy to raise water temperature and even more to go from energy to the point of boiling in this case he from wood and coal inside a pressurized boiler they can be converted into something so when water becomes so we can use steam to power motors Steve the Pure Gas form of water has its own peculiar properties as it expands occupies 1600 times the volume of liquid water creating a great mechanic that can be harnessed to do that's the idea behind the machine that changed the world forever the steam locomotive on engine cars like these the idea that begins with water lots of it we're standing on top of the tender tank it's a gray u-shaped tank and it holds about 2000 gallons of proximately the water is pumped from the tender tank to the boiler a fuel source wood or coal is prepared burnt we put a fire underneath it and Laura and capture that expand in water and the pressure more Fortune against the steam guys against the Pistons which then drive the wheels moving the train along the track until it must stop her more water it's easy to forget it in their Heyday strange as much as they did what are coal use 2000 gallons of water frolics power he's invisible the way paper Cloud we see coming from a locomotive is actually missed tiny Vapor droplets that form as the steam cools and condenses in the air if you look at the spout of a steaming tea kettle the spot weather appears to be nothing that's Steam the opposite extreme what is life cycle and remember it's less dense as a solid than as a liquid so where does water go to slow down and surprisingly Canada glaciers glaciers in the Canadian West there are more than 5,000 in the mountains that separate the Great Plains from the Pacific Ocean but the largest ice mass in this region is the Columbia icefield 25 square kilometers and is in some places nearly a thousand deep is North America's hydrological Apex meaning of from this 12,000 Summit the melting of different oceans Pacific Glaciers are formed through cumulative snowfall it's compressed by its own weight and begins to form into ice and I said accumulation continues beyond the ice will begin to change its shape and internal characteristics and begin to flow this water has been captured by the cold air where it's been trapped for as much as tens of thousands of years but despite its appearance glaciers move their slowly moving rivers of ice much like liquid Rivers about valleys in prairies glaciers with their slow-but-steady summer mouth are also key to the distribution of water on Earth in fact 75% of the world's freshwater is stored in glaciers the Columbia icefield is rare in another sets the water here is pure enough to drink right from the Stream this year you're really seeing our Witness if only we could coach some of that water vapor found some scientist the amount of water loading in the Earth's atmosphere is 6 times greater than that flowing in all the world's Rivers but most of that are Uber Gwinnett Vapor Rises high in the atmosphere will steam condenses into tiny droplets of water or ice it's about to hundreds of a millimeter across these droplets gather into what we see is clouds in one of the more peculiar of waters many peculiar properties the nucleus grow heavy enough to fall from the sky this tiny trick of nature is not happening often enough in some parts of the world like the Texas South Plains region which has experienced frequent and severe droughts in recent years is worse Aquaphor which provides irrigation water two parts of a twister and States including Texas is being sucked dry faster than rainfall can replenish it is so Gary Walker it is company sore perform a high-tech version of the rain dance precious water from clouds that just don't want to rain in this area are the two main sources of water are the Ogallala Aquifer which is an underground aquifer and rainwater in possibly the next 10 to 20 years there would not be the capability to pump enough water out of the aquifer rogation purple Source proposed solution is what is cloud seeding Gary's going to flies twin engine Piper into a cloud armed with rocket flares of silver iodide particles are Chinese there's about 13 trillion particles of silver iodide in that 20 gram play right here we're now ready to go on a shooting mission first the play must fight beautiful Cloud at an altitude of 18000 feet with a supercooled water droplets meteorologist changed its position basically you're approaching meme just a border so we need to go ahead and turn around and get you on the south side of the storm from your current location tracking be 2 of 3 at 9 or nautical miles $11,000 the Silver Eyes 1000 minute player we can expect to see raindrops falling in less than 45 minutes but today if there's simply not enough water drops program has made a difference shown about 10 to 12% additional rainfall out of seeded clouds versus non seeded clouds in Dover de cueca about another inch to an inch point to of rainfall during the growing season so if we create an inch of water over our seating area in the summertime it's thousands and thousands of acre-feet of water climate change reliable Water Supplies will be play come by here on the Texas Plains and back at the Columbia icefield where global warming is water in the back that is water held from earlier historical times I carried into our time and when it melts it contributes to the flow regimes of existing river systems are water in the back there's a run at Bank in the form of accelerated like many other glaciers 4 mile-long Athabasca Glacier is receding dramatically and losing vertical mass would year after warm year the opportunity to harness the water I've gotten used to have it what will happen is that we will have less water than we have designed our systems for and therefore will be facing water scarcity in many parts of the country that never faced water scarcity in late summer before percent water scarcity is yet another challenge for human beings as we struggled mightily with a fluid of life bring me to places that would otherwise never see it transforming into Power Machinery in abundance reclaiming it from the oceans sewers and even rearranging the weather to make more in Fall to Earth as stubbornly resists change it will always seek its downhill path from the mountains to the Sea it will continue to dissolve whatever he picks up along the way it will refuse to be compressed it will not create any more of itself no matter what we do but it will have civilization I think it would be keeping them floor cleaner

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