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Engineering Earthquakes

Added Mar 23, 2021 •

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This video describes the process of mapping underwater fault lines and testing structure for earthquake readiness.

Show Transcript

on May 12th 2008 Robin with a destructive force more powerful than a hydrogen bond the ground shook broke full minute she was video facial on countless buildings crumbled homes when I pulled over 70,000 people have died 20,000 were missing and more than 5 million were left homeless 7000 miles away in Southern California it's just one of the many scientists waiting to unravel the mystery of how nature and Engineers an earthquake overdue earthquake hits Los Angeles just as hard as it did Chyna the prior 8 for a quake all it off every 200 years or so kept going when's it going to happen you know guys I can see the see now it's pretty flat today looks like we're going to have a good day on the water why is the Salton Sea located in one of the most geologically active regions in the world 31 Mi long nine miles wide the Salton Sea is at the crossroads of death major fault lines eyewear earthquakes are engineering these crack sometimes if you're at ground level and some are so big they can even be seen from the air call Brennan new disco from the Scripps institution of oceanography and the team of scientists are the modern-day Lewis and Clark of the Salton Sea fault line a fault is a rupture in the Earth where plate or pieces of the earth Slide by one another the longest fault meet you at the San Andreas begins at the Salton Sea and runs 800 California broken into three distinct Vault Zone Northern Central and Southern the San Andreas fault is a long complicated fault system it hasn't jog it is today's been to this segment but there's hundreds of bumps small or fault that are peppered throughout the region many scientists believe that sound San Andreas is overdue for the big one earthquake of magnitude 7 or more likely to begin at the Salton Sea travel tour Los Angeles for three years Driscoll and his team have been mapping the architecture of the faults in the area to find out how often do earthquakes occur here and whether a future earthquake on one of the smaller phone can trigger the big one on the San Andreas just come out of the southern part of the song we're sitting right to the west of where the San Andreas fault comes off shore Bombay Beach between the Imperial fall to the South and the San Andreas fault there's a Zone called the Brawley seismic Zone and this phone is very active and has many small earthquakes will we call warms up Earthquake understand is how do these fault communicate perfect in motion every year ocean and dozens of minor play these irregularly shaped ride on the weaker material below they are driven in part by the push and pull over and to a lesser extent by convection current San Andreas fault formed by the movement of the Pacific Plate in the southern segment of the phone the plates are locked as they attempt to slide past each other elastic dress bills in the Rocks when the week is part of the rock finally break to opposing faces of the Fall flip looking at each other Kristen doute powerful ways of energy reading the ground shaking of an earthquake today's mission is to determine the exact length of the San Andreas fault till now and ran 180 miles to the Mojave Desert just north of Los Angeles the Salton Sea Mud Pot bubbling Vats of gas and mud tell a different story a possible clue that the San Andreas fault can be used under the leg and is far longer than anyone previously thought acting on a colleague Nicholas charting a beeline course straight across the lake on the mud-pot to the Frontline give looking for any sign that the San Andreas connect to the mud locks it's a frightening idea because earthquake gather sport has more energy as it moves along the longer the fault line the larger the earthquake can be hi Danny Driscoll Church in ATX instigated sonar device that can map the seafloor it gives us so it's kind of like paintings be for a flashlight we go back and forth and we met continuous map on combine this data to create a three-dimensional image of the seafloor revealing any fault line but before the team can even though it single pad they run straight into a bubbling piece of evidence so they can see it with the naked eye look at that beautiful Bristol teen found what looks like the missing link between the Mud Pot San Andreas Fault this is water coming up from Daft it's like we broke a fire hydrant on the C4 in the water a closer look reveals that the undersea crack is a hydrothermal vent it burns up perfectly with the mud pots on the southern Shore and the San Andreas fault to the north confirming his section of the San Andreas fault extends under the lake from Fulton County MI 10% for Driscoll team is quite exciting Bible Play Back That Thing imagine of all the Bob lives in a break the rocks and allowed Pathways for fluid to actually migrate through the Rocks because it's broken and fragmented wow as exciting as the flying disc there's a dark side to the discovery heading Inland Driscoll pays a visit to the site of the mud box listen to Mets sound look at the bubbles boiling bubbling up features lineup for the features and saracho and they're tracking the San Andreas Fault care about finding these traces of bolts earthquake scale false statements that rupture and have a certain slip it can yield a bigger earthquake so now that the section of the fault with John to be nearly 10% longer the big one that much more dangerous but just how much destruction can massive ground-shaking Kong in an earthquake the building review Nature's truth an hour earthquakes are overpowering destructive forces killing tens of thousands of people in CR building normally protect us from Nature's elements but there any earthquakes there off insurance single draft around the world earthquake scale because many buildings are not made to withstand a powerful ground-shaking especially in highly populated developing nations nature Engineers three kinds of earthquakes each with its unique dial of devastation the most powerful earthquakes occur at convergent boundaries play Collide like I ain't verse at the first played as front under the second plate then list the ground in a duck joke over millions of years the slow continuous Collision of the are Asian and Indian Place gave ride to the Himalayas in the ocean plate Collision causes one of the earthquake deadliest effects tsunami the 2004 Sumatra tsunami is caused by a magnitude 9.3 earthquake that traveled more than 600 miles along the fault line separating the Indian and Burma play seismologist Walter Mooney when I suddenly the water column up a ocean wave which will travel great distances reach towering Heights tension earthquakes are caused by two plates moving away from one another as molten rock Isis from below ocean but land can be affected and Iceland the country itself it slowly splitting into because blades are separating beneath it seismologist Christine voltage yard has recorded thousands of micro or Quake across Iceland other plate boundaries is that hear the play Start Spreading the turn on Tony's being anymore and it splits in these big earthquake California earthquakes are caused by strike slip faults Cheer Camp one another as in the lock sections of the San Andreas awkward lurches causing the terrible earthquake in LA understand the effects of the power generated by Nature Structural Engineers manufacture earthquakes drug testing facility at UC San Diego is the largest outdoor earthquake making machine in the world we have fun everyday during the stuff she's manager job is to engineer earthquake on demand which takes a tremendous amount of equipment to reproduce an earthquake big electric motors take oil and put it under pressure through the Spy thing approximately 60000 horsepower and this baby here is 25 feet wide 40 feet long about 7 and 1/2 ft thick and weighs three hundred thousand today the team is testing the effects of a strike-slip earthquake on a three-story vintage 1920s California building made of unreinforced masonry wall essentially bricks without any open skill support construction of this type of building was banned after the 1933 Long Beach earthquake collapse schools and home but hundreds of these buildings filled Dan throughout the earthquake zone Southern California the Mediterranean and Asia get the shaking just write a shake table relies on a series of fast-moving piston do an action see the Pistons moving now sometimes they'll move so fast that your eye doesn't refresh fast enough to see where they're moving believe it or not by 4 cool White the building appears to survive the Quay but only because it's held up by a central support wait there by the engineer's so that they might study in detail how do you apartment house failed today a 7.1 magnitude earthquake seismologists use a magnitude scale to express the energy released by an earthquake Devin Lewis is about 30 times more energy than a magnitude and about a thousand times more energy to The Fault the harder it will shake the engineers mouse ran up their machine after unit from a 7.1 blue 7.5 to see how the buildings were under more severe ground-shaking intensity the dangers revealed by the Sheikh table are a video of what lies in store when the big one is Los Angeles if you think about 7.5 or 7.8 magnitude earthquake I would say we're going to have a lot of damage the newer buildings are going to perform better than the older buildings because they've been designed to perform better the older buildings such as masonry some of the older concrete are not going to perform solo the evidence eject SD Vapor better than a smaller building with less support yes on the Salton Sea the evidence is mounting for an earthquake in LA that's going to test even the strongest earthquake proof building going from south to North or energy is distributed and along the faucet Los Angeles California is earthquake country each year nature unleashes dozens of earthquakes in the city with one damaged in Quake every decade but here at the question on everyone's mind is when's the big one in Earth 7.0 or greater going to strike 125 miles Southeast of Los Angeles search the answer because the more active the fault. The greater the possibility that Spanish could be pushed the wet lose its power with Measure 3 or 4 birth waste and we want to know did they move every hundred fifty years every 200 years online games start recording morning now Jordan good in 3 years of napping today they find another the fault scarp. Sudden sharp edge drop in the seafloor marks the spot of a recent earthquake finding new phones and recent earthquake is exciting that is amazing but it's evident that the Phone Zone seems to be heating up baseball team ever been map G-Force Jarvis telling us that he's bought their very active baseball's have expression on the seat for they happened recently in VoIP kids for yesterday and so they still are experiencing earthquake and what's really important question is pennies. Billy trigger earthquakes in the southern San Andreas Fault now the Driskill now is the San Andreas fault zone is very much alive under the zoo where to find out just how active it's been in the past why there's no way to know the precise date of the next big earthquake Angela there might be a way to get close by average wait time between big earthquakes in history the scientist detect patterns in Quake activity telling them when the big one geologist with San Diego State univ has been working today how often do earthquakes occur on the segment of the San Andreas fault just east of the Salton Sea last sampling so I filled in a bunch of gas do we have a much more detailed chronology I think good nice is engineered a 15 foot deep trench along your the Salton Sea's Eastern Shore they cut a swath directly across the San Andreas Fault so here we are in the deepest part of the Salt Creek trench standing right on the San Andreas fault meals on the Pacific Plate I'm on the North American Plate and when the next one goes He shifted to the right and I'm going this way freshly exposed wall history of every earthquake in the area going back for more than 4000 years that tape recorder of the San Andreas fault is right here and just like tree rings we can read every break of an earthquake we can see how continuous they are this is a fault here where the layers aren't continuous and they have shifted and you can see that this layer stop deer jumped up to here in the Falls is a thin line during the earthquake faults in this area moves probably about 12 to 20 feet in one job once he's found the earthquake siteworks today that I'm here picking up Clues like a detective at a crime scene and any kind of organic matter week radiocarbon date and get a an actual age go far in the 1200 years has been able to day going back six earthquakes to the NBA D Woodfield the robots estimate of the time between earthquake and this appears to be about 20 years between big events the time since the last major event on the San Andreas fault here is about 300 25 years 25 years over to that means the San Andreas fault has more than a century of extra energy I'll need your engineer's catastrophic awake we know that the place on either side of the fault are moving at a certain speed and at some point it has to give and they have to shift that amount that they've already moved because of that we think that the next earthquake will ship more at this spot that probably means it'll be a larger earthquake believe me more energy and that can really be the big one how will the big one affect Los nature engineer preview Los Angeles like many cities Johnson oil good for human settlement and very bad for earthquake protection during an earthquake a building on top of John Staton stable bedrock San Francisco in 1989 the 15 seconds of ground shaking in the Loma Prieta earthquake revealed just how dangerous. Sediment 63 people died 3704 injured Kwikset bars in the Marina District and collapsed buildings on the Bay Bridge connecting San Francisco and Oakland the ground shaking from the 6.9 magnitude earthquake was filled while I better call it a 50 ft section of the upper deck to collapse one Motoring enforcing the construction of a 77 million-dollar replacement Bridge according to bridge designer Mar Theater San Francisco for Tickler Lee hard an earthquake's energy through the Earth in the form of two distinct way primary for Pee-Wee's shootout first round in the exact pushing and pulling the rocks that they fast lower secondary waste these roll up and down in the Rock and whatever Direction they are traveling act like an amplifier for the ways from rock to soil the way slow down the Luther and thicker the toilet or the energy movement destruction what happens if the waves travel in wrong at when they get to a soyboy they you don't get to filtered and they get magnified on land and sea waves can shake soil so much that it turns from a solid to a liquid liquefaction Zone Cadiz buildings in the 1906 earthquake the San francisco-oakland Bay Bridge your fault the den Andreas to the West is not overdue for a large earthquake but seismologist do anytime from magnet 6.8 to 7.0 earthquake do with all these problems engineered by Nature how do you build a bridge that can survive the Shake Rattle and Roll cause of the 70-year old bridge section collapse public information officer Bardenay this was designed to accommodate the difference in here but they haven't anticipated the amount of motion for such a long. Of time and it just got to the point where the expansion joint located at this area could no longer take it and it failed the old bridge with two rigid and Resident. Bay mud so they designed a new pilings made of steel for sale 300 feet deep is solid Bedrock that bangle a baseball bat standing in the batter's box about Goldberg with a fart so that you can better accommodate sideways movement for lateral movement what's that same Theory here for her twice on Bridges as well we put the files in at an angle so that when the bread start shaking its got a better Foundation I delete some of that movement what's average needed still more flexibility and Mater employed an ingenious solution to go with the seismic Flow Bridge is going to be subjected to this motion ocean at the same time as the shaking is taking place called energy is going into the bridge itself that basically goes for the ride like surfing a way Secret end of The Bridge Stone stable and independent deep in the bridge just under the roadway Barton explains about a hundred above the San Francisco Bay at a location where we have two parts of the bridge feeding the team built deliberate failure into the system so they have been designed to break in case of emergency we were in the middle of an earthquake right now at this location is that bridge moving in one way and this bridge moving in turn it up it is this piece right here that is designed to fail it will bend it will deform it will take the energy between the two different structures so that we don't have damage on either side of the new Bay Bridge set design with Dan as much ground as a major earthquake in 1906 big earthquake strike the area the bridge is designed to handle ground motion from large earthquake in the way that we've designed this bridge is a rock made from large that would happen within 1,500 here it's kind of like the gutters on your house or design 4 year flood the Bay Bridge is design for a 1500 year earthquake 220 miles south of San Francisco and Parkfield California another team of researchers is working on a major construction project up there drilling right into the heart of an active earthquake zone will what they find provide clues about what Nature's earthquakes are made of all of it is beautiful. around the world earthquakes are engineered in various ways don't causing more destruction than others and it's located in central California carding micro Quake hundreds of tiny fault movements so gentle that humans don't notice in some parts of the fault that creeps along and moves on a Fino steadily without without producing earthquake University Professor Mark still back is one of the principal investigators of safe on the San Andreas fault Observatory at death he is part of a group of scientists really deep inside the San Andreas Fault the very first time to answer the question why all the microwaves but no big Quake San Andreas fault going to break all the rules didn't seem to obey the laws of physics everywhere else obeyed the question is why what was the fault made out of what was happening inside and Andreas fault that that made a V8 as it does in order to answer the questions we had to drill Define. But drilling into a landscape on the Move isn't easy using techniques adapted from the oil industry it took the team for years to drill a hole angle how to write 4 km for nearly two and a half miles right into the fault Zone with the probe in place the first thing the team did in 2004 was to bring up Rock sample the first ever taken from an actual Phone Zone where nature makes earthquakes when we are about to obtain the first samples of the San Andreas fault it was a moment of garden exhilarate and I had great excitement she was our first opportunity look at is Butte Rock back at USGS headquarters in Menlo Park near San Francisco Bill back in geophysics just spent the last few years for sample hear this Keith and this piece together constitute the San Andreas fault zone is he has a lot of play in which is a very soft Liberty mineral and has things like this little lens there that one there that one there these are pieces of a mineral be called along with Serpentine 15 sound talc this dog is mineral in nature and quite possibly the answer the team has been looking for everyone knows how this happens every time there's only hope we all know about talcum powder and so in one of the fundamental questions about why the San Andreas fault is flipping usually and has such low strength calc in the Phone Zone Vincent The Rock Simmons middle section of the San Andreas fault are selling and yielding allowing a place to move by each other without mushrooms Vista but in the segments to the North and South outside of LA and San Francisco the rocks are harder than a place are locked when they finally released energy and Lurch to ask each other the result of a catastrophic awake all right so far it's still the theory with the team is excited it was truly marvelous because we thought questions that have been proposed for half a century finally answered by the core sample further south Neal Driscoll is putting together all his research to answer the big question about the big quake working in a trench that cut do the southern San Andreas fault Los Angeles killer Quake engineered by nature is 125 years over now traveled 100 miles north to the mecca Hills question just how big will the big one be on the far right here so I want you to get Kelly right there and this Kelly coming in the back it's about six shots high-res graduate students are using laser surveying equipment called lidar action and wingding to track the magnitude of the last major earthquake to shatter the ground here in 1682 they set up a base station at the bottom of the hill and a second instrument at the top how to level the light program to take photographs of the hills and gullies in between the result is a precisely detailed 3D computer model of the terrain Bound by gravity Hillside carving al Ghul has been more or less straight line but when an earthquake occurs The Ground by as much as 10 to 20 ft in an instant the ground under this abruptly during the 1906 San Francisco earthquake to measure the lateral Movement we need to know the awesome during an event and a length of the fault because both of these the size of the earthquake the danger reveal clear and frightening it shows an Abrupt 14 ft jump in the Gully lines in the 1680s quick the ground snapping in seconds that calculates out to a magnitude 7 quake and because the big one is so long overdue the next one could be even bigger space on the wall NJ between that event and now this long. Of quiescent people are estimating that this next event to be up to 7.85% how would the city Los Angeles fair in a magnitude 7.0 earthquake rupturing from the Salton Sea straight up the San Andreas Fault on November 13th 2008 we found out November 13th 2008 the city of Los Angeles bacon find a big one the strongest earthquake in 325 years along the Southeastern most part of the San Andreas Fault 1000 people have been injured but don't worry this was jacket at the Great Southern California ShakeOut is the largest Statewide drill ever horned has begun good luck Sergeant John Hargrave does tactical planning for LA County Emergency Operations next big earthquake we are 9 months pregnant on where do and when barely need to be ready for them to help emergency responders prepare design ground open simulations work for Robert Gray actually creating an earthquake and running it on the computer play simulation to address the question of what will happen when the earthquake does occur how strong will it be what areas are going to be more affected than others where will we need to concentrate our rescue effort the scenario begins at 10 in the morning on a regular Wii make their way to work on congested freeways 125 Mi South at the Salton Sea the earthquake has just begun to break along the San Andreas fault geology Neal Driscoll the epicenter the fall starts here and propagates northward we believe that an earthquake could be the size of a magnitude-7 to 7.8 pulling out earthquakes devastating ground we're looking down the fall towards the South the red line on the display in the fall size of the father actually slipping past one another at the fall break in the end of propagating corset it travels at about the speed of sound Sonic Boom it's occurring within the Earth around one minute into the groove Mario the earthquake seismic waves begin making their way down into the LA sediment as much as five amplify reverberating back and forth for several minutes that you can think of this almost as a bowl of Jell-O where the sediments are very soft so is the wave dinner in Basin very strongly long enough that when it hits blactually knock you off your feet seismologist Dave Wall Los Angeles to Los Angeles Basin and went vegan play hard here we expected the realest way for quite some time can hypothesize in this area within about five high-rises will be damaged in pool perhaps collapse play significant loss of life Canario older structures that are unable to persuade will become brittle from the shake and crumble three ways and overpasses will crack and then 1600 tires will break out across the city the fires going to be put off by your house is coming loose from their foundations and getting Gatlinburg open water heaters like to loosen the walls any place in Los Angeles County where there are old wood structures old neighborhoods it can get whipped up just like I passed out in the front so how did Los Angeles do in a 7.8 magnitude earthquake in the end 1800 people died 53,000 were injured and the ground shaking caused over 200 billion dollars damage but this was just a drill what's in the future for trying to understand for earthquake and make the Hat created with them last win can't predict earthquakes but my understanding the Earth and past earthquakes will be in a better position to move forward while in the future

Uploaded by Debra Hood.

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Engineering Earthquakes

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