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Halogens

Added Feb 22, 2018 •

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the halogens form the 7th group in the periodic table located just before the inert noble gases the halogens are the most toxic and reactive of the non-metal elements halogen has a distinctive color getting darker As you move down the group they are also poor conductors and have low melting and boiling points chlorine is a highly toxic pale yellow gas it is the most electronegative and reactive of all the elements in the periodic table and can even form compounds with the noble gases because of its immense reactivity it is difficult to isolate and store pure form chlorine is a yellowish green gas that combines with nearly all elements we use chlorine and high water solubility to our advantage by adding it to drinking water to kill her all bacteria bromine is the only nonmetallic element that is a liquid at room temperature it is isolated from seawater for industrial use it is a brown noxious and a liquid that is highly corrosive to human flash causing sores when exposed to skin iodine is a shiny bluish black solid heating iodine to just room temperature causes it to spontaneously Sublime meaning that it changes directly from a solid into a gas iodine readily reacts with most elements in the periodic table but it will be displaced from its compounds by the lighter and more reactive halogens astatine is the only radioactive element of the halogen group the longest Half-Life recorded for this element is just over 8 hours astatine has a metallic appearance and is semi-metallic in nature the halogens are typical nonmetals with relatively low melting and boiling points the melting and boiling points increase data it going down the group fluorine and chlorine are gases at room temperature bromine is a reddish brown liquid an iodine and astatine or solids halogens readily combine with hydrogen to form hydrogen halides these covalent compounds quickly dissolve in water to form extremely strong acids hydrogen fluoride is used to strip solid gold from circuit boards human body uses the super strength of hydrochloric acid to break down anything in the stomach looking at the periodic table can help explain the reactivity of the halogens hear the elements are listed in order of their art number which represents the number of protons in an element nucleus and its normal or ground state this nucleus is also surrounded by an equal number of electrons and as the atomic number increases so does the size and Mass the Adams in the periodic table each horizontal line is called a. And it represents the number of electron shells normally possessed by the elements atoms for example four electron shells in an atom of bromine so it lies in period 4 meanwhile an atom of astatine in. 6 has 6 electron shells as you read across the table from left the vertical lines of elements are called groups elements in a group have the same number of electrons in their outermost electron shells these are called valence electrons and they dictate how elements interact elements in the same group generally interact with other elements in similar ways none of the elements greater than atomic number 83 or completely stable astatine with an atomic number of 85 is the radioactive element in group halogen comes from the ancient Greek halo meaning salt and Jenna's meaning former minerals containing chlorine and bromine are found naturally in rock and sea salt the halogens all have seven valence electrons so all the elements in the group have similar chemical properties almost all atoms need eight electrons in their valence shell to be stable because they only need one more electron to have a complete valence shell the halogens are extremely electronegative and very reactive As you move down the group from flooring to astatine each element is that's reactive than the one before it this occurs because the attractive force of the positive nucleus becomes weaker as it is blocked by an increasing number of electron shells element number 9 on the periodic table these flooring the atomic symbol for fluorine is back chlorine is a greenish yellow highly toxic gas it smells like bleach Glory gets its name from the Latin word flu already which means to flow fluorine is classified as a halogen it mines in the periodic table second row Period 2 each atom of fluorine consists of a cloud of electrons surrounding a compact nucleus that contains almost all the atom's mass in the most common form of Lori its nucleus has 9 positively charged protons plus 10 uncharged neutrons flooring has nine negatively charged electrons to balance its 9 protons these electrons are found in two orbital shell surrounding the nucleus which can be visualized is being built up from the nearest preceding noble gas helium helium has two electrons distributed among one orbital Lori has 7 more electrons than helium the first two electrons are found in the sphere shaped 2's orbital shell the final five electrons are distributed among three lobes 2p orbitals fluorine is the most reactive of all the elements and it is never found uncombined in nature Lauren will always gain an electron when it interacts with other elements in this experiment a stream of pure fluorine gas is directed at a block of sulfur Lori interacts with the silver to release energy in the form of heat and a bright light the Soper Scituate dark thick glowing liquid good morning gas is Ben and Ed a cotton ball which instantly burst into flames morning compounds are added to water flies and toothpaste to help prevent tooth decay other chlorine compounds are used to make light bulbs and lenses for focusing infrared light flooring was also wants widely used in air conditioning and refrigeration system before scientist discovered that it was damaging to the Earth's ozone parents get excited when they first start to come in and kids get excited when they start to fall out but One Thing Remains the Same teeth are important to human health you rely on your teeth when you chew food when you talk and when you flash your beauty smile brushing flossing and regular visits to the dentist will help you care for your teeth properly and ensure good dental health what other things can protect your teeth as well one of them is which is a compound of the element fluorine fluoride compounds occur naturally in rocks and soil and calcium fluoride is found in all water sources but chloride is often chemically added to drinking water according to the American Dental Association fluoride strengthens tooth enamel and reduces blacks ability to produce acid it also promotes the repair of tooth enamel that is already been damaged lancets topical fluoride is commonly applied to the surface of teeth in the forms of toothpaste mouth rinses and gels they help protect the surface of teeth by making them more resistant to decay systemic fluoride comes from what you eat or drink including the fluoride added to water and dietary supplements because the element fluorine has toxic properties that pose health risks sometimes just believe that fluoride should be applied to teeth directly and not be ingested some recent studies of systemic fluoride has sparked a debate over the value and safety of adding fluoride to Public Water Supplies the one thing that all scientists can agree on is that the use of fluoride in toothpaste and mouth rinses help strengthen tooth enamel makes teeth healthier and gives you a reason to smile and show off your pearly whites element number 17 on the periodic table is chlorine the atomic symbol for chlorine is CL a greenish yellow dead shark smelling gas bedroom temperature chlorine is extremely water-soluble and poisonous inhaling even a small amount of the gas could prove fatal chlorine comes from the Greek word Flores which means greenish-yellow chlorine is classified as a halogen he lies in the periodic table. Each atom of chlorine consists of a cloud of electrons surrounding a compact nucleus that contain them was Adams Mass in the most common form of chlorine its nucleus has 17 positively charged protons plus 18 on charge neutrons core has 17 negatively charged electrons to balance it 17 protons these electrons are found in three orbital shell surrounding the nucleus which can be visualized as being built up from the nearest preceding noble gas Neon neon has 10 electrons distributed into orbital shells chlorine has 7 more electrons than Neon the first two electrons are found in the sphere shaped 3 S4 Michelle the remaining five electrons are distributed among three lobed shape three p orbitals chlorine is a highly reactive element and the seven valence electrons in this third level shell influence how it interacts with other elements a test tube is placed in liquid nitrogen chlorine gas is released from a pressurized cylinder into the test and the chlorine gas comes into contact with the cold walls of the test to it quickly liquefies and then freezes the tattoo filled with Sally chlorine is now removed from the nitrogen and placed over a glass bowl the solid chlorine very rapidly melts and drips into the bowl where it undergoes sublimation using a faint yellow green gas which dispersed is in the breeze chlorine water Eddie makes it very useful in treating drinking water in swimming pools it is also commonly used as an antiseptic sodium chloride more commonly known as table salt can be found in every household hydrochloric acid is a strong and commercially important acid as well as being necessary for food digestion by the end of the 19th century New York City was on the move immigrants from all over the world working Virginia Manhattan the face of the city many of these immigrants were poor and faced harsh discrimination they crowded together in tenements with horrific sanitation and hope for a better life for their children one of the Terrors of slim life at this time was the outbreak of dread diseases such as typhoid cholera well people from all walks of life LL these diseases particularly targeted the poor it wasn't until the late 1800s that scientists finally determined that mud organisms known as bacteria cause both cholera and typhoid and that these bacteria were spreading contaminated water the discoveries drinking water in 1908 Jersey City New Jersey just across the river from New York was the first American city to sanitize things to kill microorganisms easily dissolve in water and does not dissipate killing existing bacteria and Rihanna in a chlorinated drinking water coupled with an Improvement in sanitation practices led to a drastic drop in the occurrence of by the 1930s Colorado virtually eliminated in areas with consistent Water Sanitation unfortunately in many parts of the world water still presents a danger in underdeveloped countries in Latin America Africa and Asia epidemics still occur even in the United States unprecedented disaster can threaten the water supply today we know that just because water looks clean doesn't mean it's safe thanks to chlorine we can make sure that the water from the I won't make a element number 35 on the periodic table is bromine the atomic symbol for Bromine br Romy is a heavy red brown liquid with a strong odor and is the only non metallic element that is a liquid at room temperature bromine gets its name from the Greek word bromo which means death bromine is classified as a halogen headlines in the periodic tables for throw. For each bromine atom consists of a cloud of electrons surrounding a compact nuclear that contains almost all the atom's mass in the most common form of bromine its nucleus is 35 positively charged protons plus 45 uncharged neutrons has 35 negatively charged electrons to balance its 35 protons these electrons are found in orbital shell surrounding the nucleus which can be visualized as being built up from the nearest preceding noble gas Argon argon has 18 electrons distributed among three orbital shells bromine has 17 more electrons than argon the first two electrons are found in the beard shaped 4S orbital shell the next 10 electrons Bill 5 Clover shaped 3D orbitals and the final five electrons are distributed among three lobed shape for p orbitals since the electrons in the 3D orbital are at a lower energy State than those in the 4S and four P orbitals only the seven valence electrons in this 4th level shell influence how bromine interact other elements in this experiment bromine is taken from a beaker and dripped onto a dish at room temperature it begins to evaporate with a heavy reddish Vapor Rising from the dish notice that the demonstrator wears rubber gloves to avoid coming in direct contact with the bromine which can cause Burns to the skin and irritation to the throat and eyes the bromine is then drip onto a wooden sir and begin to slowly evaporate until it disappears bromine compounds are used in water purification and in creating fumigants and fire retarded Cheerios silver bromide chemical used in photography accounts for the largest use of bromine today fire has many moods many disguises had many ways to kill every fire department is all too familiar with the risks and the team of firefighters worked hard to prepare for their next call in the past of firefighters Arsenal consisted mainly of water and courage today signs of shedding new light on Fires beautiful but deadly Dynamic using technology and chemistry to add to the fire Arsenal human civilization owes its existence to fire in its heat record tools and power technology our constant companion by our lives like a tamed beasts are homes blowing us into a false sense of security given the chance it reverts to its deadly ways the many faces of fire are all born of three humble ingredients he Fuel and oxygen take away any one of these and the fire dies heat releases gases from the potential fuel source into the air the liberated gas is combined with oxygen and creative Hotel chemical cocktail ready to ignite with a single spark one's the fire is burning particles of carbon light up is they release energy this is what we see as flames keep the fire fighting is the neutralize the three basic ingredients of heat oxygen and fuel quickly and safely it's all hands on deck has the first call of the day comes through from the moment the alarm is received the pressure is on to get to the site of the fire as quickly as possible four firefighters entering the hungry jaws of the Beast is all in a day's work life with guts and determination they of Science and Technology on their side brominated flame retardant known as bfr is the first line of defense brominated compounds help protect Chronixx furniture and a firefighter's protective clothes Roman naked flame retardant are incredibly effective at fire prevention they reduced because ability of everyday items and hinder the spread of the fire to provide valuable time for escape the bromine and VFR disrupt the chain reaction that keeps fire burn effectively extinguishing the flame while materials protected with roaming may still suffer keep damage it is the flame that is so important to the spread of Fire by interacting with vital flame components the brominated flame retardant Byers flames and Stamp Out it spread brominated flame retardant by precious moments that could mean the difference between life and death element number 53 on the periodic table is iodine the atomic symbol for iodine is I iodine is a shiny purplish black solid that is violet colored and its gaseous state iodine gets its name from the Greek word really tease which means violet colored iodine is classified as a halogen it lies in the periodic tables 5th Row. 5 each atom of iodine consists of a cloud of electrons surrounding a compact nucleus that contains almost all the atom's mass in the most common form of iodine its nucleus has 53 positively charged protons + 74 uncharged neutrons iodine has 53 negatively charged electrons to balance it's 53 protons these electrons are found in orbital shell surrounding the nucleus which can be visualized as being built up from the nearest preceding noble gas Krypton Krypton has 36 electrons distributed among for orbital shells iodine has 17 more electrons than Krypton the first two electrons are found in the sphere shaped 5S orbital shell the next 10 electrons build 5 Clover shaped Ford the orbitals and the final five electrons are distributed among three lobed shaped v p orbitals only the seven valence electrons in the 5th level S&P orbitals Bruins how iodine interacts with other elements in this demonstration a test tube full of solid non-metallic iodine pellet is placed in an electric coil as the coil is heated the solid pellets become a liquid which quickly changes to a deep violet vapor as the writing vapor cools small glittering crystals of solid iodine can be seen forming in this iodine is used to test for starch turning a deep blue when it is present iodine compounds are used to make photographic film very small amount of iodine are found in thyroxine hormone required by the thyroid gland to control the human body's rate of physical and mental development element number 85 on the periodic table is astatine the atomic symbol for astatine is 80 astatine is represented here by a sample of uranium ore since it is always cry in my new to Mouse with uranium because it has a very short half-life astatine is name from the Greek pasta toss meaning of unstable astatine is classified as a halogen rise in the periodic tables 6th row. 6 each atom of astatine consists of a cloud of electrons surrounding a compact nucleus that contains almost all of the atom's mass in the most common form of astatine its nucleus has 85 positively charged protons bus 125 uncharged neutrons astatine has 85 negatively charged electrons I went to 85 protons these electrons are found in six orbital shell surrounding the nucleus which can be visualized is being built up from the nearest preceding noble gas Xenon Xenon has 54 electrons distributed among five orbital shells astatine has 31 more electrons than Xenon the first two electrons are found in the spherical 6s orbital shell the following 14 electrons fill the seven lobe shaped for f orbitals the next 10 electrons build a five Clover shaped five D orbitals and the final five electrons are Freedom under three lobe shaped 6 P orbitals only the seven valence electrons in the sixth level S&P orbitals influence how astatine interact with other elements astatine occurs naturally from the radioactive decay series of uranium and thorium so it is radioactive as well it is represented here by uranium or a geiger counter measures the radiation Nets astatine is a rare short-lived element it's half life is only 8 hours the element has no practical applications can be synthesized by bombarding bismuth with alpha particles if it were possible to create enough after team to see with the naked eye the heat generated by its intense radioactivity would result in its complete if aberration and it's radiation would be fatal

Uploaded by Debra Hood.

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Halogens

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